Work engagement: a validity study in teaching professionals from Lima, Peru
Keywords:
Engagement, work engagement, teachers, Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, factorial validityAbstract
Work engagement is a construct that integrates feelings of vigor, dedication and absorption (Schaufeli, Salanova, Gonzalez-Roma and Bakker, 2002). The purpose of this study is to investigate the factorial validity of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) with versions of 15 and 9 items, in a sample by 145 teachers from Lima, Peru. We used exploratory analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The results show that the UWES has adequate psychometric properties, while respecting its three-dimensional structure, and particularly the 9 items version showed better indices of adjustment. Future studies will be required to confirm these findings.
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References
Bakker, A., Schaufeli, W., Leiter, M., & Taris, T. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187-200.
Bentler, R. M. & Wu, E. J. C. (2004). EQS 6.1 for Windows (Version 6.1) [Statistical Program]. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7). Recuperado de http:// pareonline.net/pdf/v10n7a.pdf
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Janssen, P. P. M., & Schaufeli, W.
B. (2001). Burnout and engagement at work as a function of demands and control. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environment and Heath, 27(4), 279-286.
Elosua, P. & Zumbo, B. (2008). Coeficientes de fiabilidad para escalas de respuesta categórica ordenada. Psicothema, 20(4), 896-901.
Farrell, A. M. (2010). Insufficient discriminant validity: A comment on Bove, Pervan, Beatty, and Shiu (2009). Journal of Business Research, 63(3), 324-327.
Feldt, L. S., Woodruff, D. J., & Salih, F. A. (1987). Statistical inference for coefficient alpha. Applied Psychological Measurement, 11(1), 93-103.
Fernández, M. (2002). Desgaste psíquico (burnout) en profesores de primaria de Lima Metropolitana. Persona, 5, 27-66. Fernández, M. (2010). El estrés laboral en los peruanos: hallazgos recientes. Teoría e investigación en Psicología, 19, 37-59.
Fernández-Arata, M. (2008). Burnout, autoeficacia y estrés en maestros peruanos: Tres estudios fácticos. Ciencia y Trabajo, 10, 120-125.
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Graham, J. M. (2006). Congeneric and (essentially) tau-equivalent estimates of score reliability: what they are and how to use them. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(6), 930-944.
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1999). Análisis Multivariante. Madrid: Prentice Hall.
Holgado-Tello, F. C., Chacón-Moscoso, S., Barbero-García, I., & Vila-Abad, E. (2010). Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Quality and Quantity, 44(1), 153-166.
Hu, L. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Coventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
Juárez-García, A. (2015). Investigaciones Psicométricas de Escalas Psicosociales en Trabajadores Mexicanos. México, D. F.: Plaza y Valdés.
Juárez-García, J., Hernández-Vargas, I., Flores-Jiménez, C. A.,& Camacho-Ávila, A. (2015). Entusiasmo Psicológico en el Trabajo en profesionales de la salud: Propiedades psicométricas de la Utrech Work Engagement Scale. En A. Juárez-García, (Ed.), Investigaciones Psicométricas de Escalas Psicosociales en Trabajadores Mexicanos (En publicación).
Levy, P. (1967). The correction for spurious correlation in the evaluation of short-form tests. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 84-86.
Lloret-Segura, S., Ferreres-Traver, A., Hernández-Baesa, A., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84-99.
Maslach, C. & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Merino, C. (2012). Forma breve del SPSI-R: Análisis preliminar de su validez interna y confiabilidad. Terapia Psicológica, 30(2), 85-90.
Merino, C. & Lautenschlager, G. (2003). Comparación estadística de la confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach: Aplicaciones en la medición educacional. Revista de Psicología de la Universidad de Chile, 12(2), 129-139.
Moreno, B., Corso de Zúñiga, S., Sanz-Vergel, A., Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., & Boada, M. (2010). El «burnout» y el «engagement» en profesores de Perú. Aplicación del modelo de demandas-recursos laborales. Ansiedad y Estrés, 16(2-3), 293-307.
Muthén, B. & Kaplan, D. (1985). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38(2), 171-189.
Nunally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. H. (1995). Teoría psicométrica. México DF: McGraw-Hill.
Olsson, U. H., Foss, T., Troye, S. V., & Howell, R. D. (2000). The performance of ML, GLS, and WLS estimation in structural equation modeling under conditions of misspecification and nonnormality. Structural Equation Modeling, 7(4), 557-595.
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington D. C.: American Psychological Association.
Preacher, K. J. & MacCallum, R. C. (2002). Exploratory Factor
Analysis in Behavior Genetics Research: Factor Recovery with Small Sample Sizes. Behavior Genetics, 32(2), 153-161.
Rodríguez-Montalbán, R., Martínez-Lugo, M., & Sánchez-Cardona, I. (2014). Análisis de las propiedades psicométricas de la Utrecht Work Engagement Scale en una muestra de trabajadores en Puerto Rico. Universitas Psychologica, 13(4) 1255-1266.
Romano, J. L., Kromrey, J. D., Owens, C. M., & Scott, H. M. (2011). Confidence interval methods for coefficient alpha on the basis of discrete, ordinal response items: Which one, if any, is the best? The Journal of Experimental Education, 79(4), 382-403.
Salanova, M. (2009). Organizaciones saludables, organizaciones resilientes. Gestión Práctica de Riesgos Laborales, 58, 18
23. Salanova, M. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2000). Exposure to information technologies and its relation to burnout. Behaviour & Information Technology, 19(5), 385-392. Salanova, M. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). El engagement en el trabajo. Cuando el trabajo se convierte en pasión. Madrid:
Alianza Editorial. Salanova, M., Schaufeli, W. B., Llorens, S., Peiró, J. M., & Grau,
R. (2000). Desde el «burnout» al «engagement»: ¿Una nueva perspectiva? Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 16(2), 117-134.
Satorra, A. & Bentler, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. von Eye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent Variables Analysis: Applications for Developmental Research (pp. 399419).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Escala Utrecht de Engagement en el Trabajo. Recuperado de http://goo.gl/ H19Abl
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement and sickness absentees. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(7), 893-917.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker,
A. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: a two sample confirmatory factor analytic-approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92.
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T., Le Blanc, P., Peeters, M., Bakker, A. B., & De Jonge, J. (2001). Maaktarbeidgezond? Op zoeknaar de bevlogenwerknemer. De Psycholoog, 36, 422–428.
Schutte, N., Toppinnen, S., Kalimo, R., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2000). The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory–General Survey across occupational groups and nations. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 53-66.
Seligman, E. P. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
Shah, R. & Goldstein, S. M. (2006). Use of structural equation modeling in operations management research: Looking back and forward. Journal of Operations Management, 24(2), 148
169. Sorbom, D. (1989). Model modification. Psychometrika, 54(3), 371-384.
Spontón, C., Medrano, L. A., Maffei, L., Spontón, M., & Castellano, E. (2012). Validación del Cuestionario del Engagement UWES a la población de trabajadores de Córdoba, Argentina. Liberabit Revista de Psicología, 18(2), 147-154.
Villavicencio-Ayub, E., Jurado, S., & Aguilar, J. (2014). Adaptación de las escalas UWES y OSI para trabajadores mexicanos. Psicología Iberoamericana, 22(2), 6-15.
Yuan, K. H. & Bentler, P. M. (1997). Improving parameter tests in covariance structure analysis. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 26(2), 177-198.
Bentler, R. M. & Wu, E. J. C. (2004). EQS 6.1 for Windows (Version 6.1) [Statistical Program]. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7). Recuperado de http:// pareonline.net/pdf/v10n7a.pdf
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Janssen, P. P. M., & Schaufeli, W.
B. (2001). Burnout and engagement at work as a function of demands and control. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environment and Heath, 27(4), 279-286.
Elosua, P. & Zumbo, B. (2008). Coeficientes de fiabilidad para escalas de respuesta categórica ordenada. Psicothema, 20(4), 896-901.
Farrell, A. M. (2010). Insufficient discriminant validity: A comment on Bove, Pervan, Beatty, and Shiu (2009). Journal of Business Research, 63(3), 324-327.
Feldt, L. S., Woodruff, D. J., & Salih, F. A. (1987). Statistical inference for coefficient alpha. Applied Psychological Measurement, 11(1), 93-103.
Fernández, M. (2002). Desgaste psíquico (burnout) en profesores de primaria de Lima Metropolitana. Persona, 5, 27-66. Fernández, M. (2010). El estrés laboral en los peruanos: hallazgos recientes. Teoría e investigación en Psicología, 19, 37-59.
Fernández-Arata, M. (2008). Burnout, autoeficacia y estrés en maestros peruanos: Tres estudios fácticos. Ciencia y Trabajo, 10, 120-125.
Fornell, C. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Graham, J. M. (2006). Congeneric and (essentially) tau-equivalent estimates of score reliability: what they are and how to use them. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(6), 930-944.
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1999). Análisis Multivariante. Madrid: Prentice Hall.
Holgado-Tello, F. C., Chacón-Moscoso, S., Barbero-García, I., & Vila-Abad, E. (2010). Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Quality and Quantity, 44(1), 153-166.
Hu, L. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Coventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
Juárez-García, A. (2015). Investigaciones Psicométricas de Escalas Psicosociales en Trabajadores Mexicanos. México, D. F.: Plaza y Valdés.
Juárez-García, J., Hernández-Vargas, I., Flores-Jiménez, C. A.,& Camacho-Ávila, A. (2015). Entusiasmo Psicológico en el Trabajo en profesionales de la salud: Propiedades psicométricas de la Utrech Work Engagement Scale. En A. Juárez-García, (Ed.), Investigaciones Psicométricas de Escalas Psicosociales en Trabajadores Mexicanos (En publicación).
Levy, P. (1967). The correction for spurious correlation in the evaluation of short-form tests. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23(1), 84-86.
Lloret-Segura, S., Ferreres-Traver, A., Hernández-Baesa, A., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999). Sample size in factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 4(1), 84-99.
Maslach, C. & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Merino, C. (2012). Forma breve del SPSI-R: Análisis preliminar de su validez interna y confiabilidad. Terapia Psicológica, 30(2), 85-90.
Merino, C. & Lautenschlager, G. (2003). Comparación estadística de la confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach: Aplicaciones en la medición educacional. Revista de Psicología de la Universidad de Chile, 12(2), 129-139.
Moreno, B., Corso de Zúñiga, S., Sanz-Vergel, A., Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., & Boada, M. (2010). El «burnout» y el «engagement» en profesores de Perú. Aplicación del modelo de demandas-recursos laborales. Ansiedad y Estrés, 16(2-3), 293-307.
Muthén, B. & Kaplan, D. (1985). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38(2), 171-189.
Nunally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. H. (1995). Teoría psicométrica. México DF: McGraw-Hill.
Olsson, U. H., Foss, T., Troye, S. V., & Howell, R. D. (2000). The performance of ML, GLS, and WLS estimation in structural equation modeling under conditions of misspecification and nonnormality. Structural Equation Modeling, 7(4), 557-595.
Peterson, C. & Seligman, M. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington D. C.: American Psychological Association.
Preacher, K. J. & MacCallum, R. C. (2002). Exploratory Factor
Analysis in Behavior Genetics Research: Factor Recovery with Small Sample Sizes. Behavior Genetics, 32(2), 153-161.
Rodríguez-Montalbán, R., Martínez-Lugo, M., & Sánchez-Cardona, I. (2014). Análisis de las propiedades psicométricas de la Utrecht Work Engagement Scale en una muestra de trabajadores en Puerto Rico. Universitas Psychologica, 13(4) 1255-1266.
Romano, J. L., Kromrey, J. D., Owens, C. M., & Scott, H. M. (2011). Confidence interval methods for coefficient alpha on the basis of discrete, ordinal response items: Which one, if any, is the best? The Journal of Experimental Education, 79(4), 382-403.
Salanova, M. (2009). Organizaciones saludables, organizaciones resilientes. Gestión Práctica de Riesgos Laborales, 58, 18
23. Salanova, M. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2000). Exposure to information technologies and its relation to burnout. Behaviour & Information Technology, 19(5), 385-392. Salanova, M. & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). El engagement en el trabajo. Cuando el trabajo se convierte en pasión. Madrid:
Alianza Editorial. Salanova, M., Schaufeli, W. B., Llorens, S., Peiró, J. M., & Grau,
R. (2000). Desde el «burnout» al «engagement»: ¿Una nueva perspectiva? Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 16(2), 117-134.
Satorra, A. & Bentler, P. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. von Eye & C. C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent Variables Analysis: Applications for Developmental Research (pp. 399419).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Schaufeli, W. B. & Bakker, A. B. (2003). Escala Utrecht de Engagement en el Trabajo. Recuperado de http://goo.gl/ H19Abl
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement and sickness absentees. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(7), 893-917.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker,
A. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: a two sample confirmatory factor analytic-approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(1), 71-92.
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T., Le Blanc, P., Peeters, M., Bakker, A. B., & De Jonge, J. (2001). Maaktarbeidgezond? Op zoeknaar de bevlogenwerknemer. De Psycholoog, 36, 422–428.
Schutte, N., Toppinnen, S., Kalimo, R., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2000). The factorial validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory–General Survey across occupational groups and nations. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73, 53-66.
Seligman, E. P. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
Shah, R. & Goldstein, S. M. (2006). Use of structural equation modeling in operations management research: Looking back and forward. Journal of Operations Management, 24(2), 148
169. Sorbom, D. (1989). Model modification. Psychometrika, 54(3), 371-384.
Spontón, C., Medrano, L. A., Maffei, L., Spontón, M., & Castellano, E. (2012). Validación del Cuestionario del Engagement UWES a la población de trabajadores de Córdoba, Argentina. Liberabit Revista de Psicología, 18(2), 147-154.
Villavicencio-Ayub, E., Jurado, S., & Aguilar, J. (2014). Adaptación de las escalas UWES y OSI para trabajadores mexicanos. Psicología Iberoamericana, 22(2), 6-15.
Yuan, K. H. & Bentler, P. M. (1997). Improving parameter tests in covariance structure analysis. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 26(2), 177-198.
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2015-12-10
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Work engagement: a validity study in teaching professionals from Lima, Peru. (2015). LIBERABIT. Revista Peruana De Psicología, 21(2), 195-206. http://ojs3.revistaliberabit.com/index.php/Liberabit/article/view/261
