The pharmacological properties of ayahuasca
Keywords:
Ayahuasca, hallucinogens, pharmacological, toxicity
Abstract
It describes the chemical characteristics and the effects of Ayahuasca consumption, in order to know the current status of the discoveries to date regarding their pharmacological properties. A literature review was performed on studies of ayahuasca until 2013 in English, Spanish, and Portuguese in the databases of PubMed, PsycINFO, Psyke, Psicodoc, and Redalyc; as well as chapters in books and literature obtained from related research. It is concluded that one of the components of ayahuasca – harmina – can be used to treat different pathologies.
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References
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Bain, J., Plater, L., Elliott, M., Shpiro, N., Hastie, C., McLauchlan, H., ... & Cohen, P. (2007). The Selectivity of Protein Kinase Inhibitors: a Further Update. Biochemical Journal, 408(3), 297-315.
Barbanoj, M. J., Riba, J., Clos, S., Giménez, S., Grasa, E., & Romero, S. (2008). Daytime Ayahuasca Administration Modulates REM and Slow-Wave Sleep in Healthy Volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 196(2), 315-326.
Barbosa, P. C. R., Giglio, J. S., & Dalgalarrondo, P. (2005). Altered States of Consciousness and Short-Term Psychological After-Effects Induced by the First Time Ritual Use of Ayahuasca in an Urban Context in Brazil. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(2), 193-201.
Bouso, J. C., González, D., Fondevila, S., Cutchet, M., Fernández, X., Barbosa, P. C. R., ... & Riba, J. (2012). Personality, Psychopathology, Life Attitudes and Neuropsychological Performance among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca: a Longitudinal Study. PLoS One, 7(8), e42421.
Brierley, D. I. & Davidson, C. (2012). Developments in Harmine Pharmacology- Implications for Ayahuasca Use and Drug-Dependence Treatment. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 39(2), 263-272.
Callaway, J. C., Airaksinen, M. M., McKenna, D. J., Brito, G. S., & Grob, C. S. (1994). Platelet Serotonin Uptake Sites Increased in Drinkers of Ayahuasca. Psychopharmacology, 116(3), 385-387.
Callaway, J. C., Raymon, L. P., Hearn, W. L., McKenna, D. J., Grob, C. S., Brito, G. S., & Mash, D. C. (1996). Quantitation of N, N-dimethyltryptamine and Harmala Alkaloids in Human Plasma after Oral Dosing with Ayahuasca. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20(6), 492-497.
Callaway, J. C., McKenna, D. J., Grob, C. S., Brito, G., Raymon, L. P., Poland, R. E., ... & Mash, D. C. (1999). Pharmacokinetics of Hoasca Alkaloids in Healthy Humans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65(3), 243-256.
Callaway, J. C., Grob, C. S., McKenna, D. J., Nichols, D. E., Shulgins, A., & Tupper, K. W. (2006). A Demand for Clarity Regarding a Case Report on the Ingestion of 5- methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in an Ayahuasca Preparation. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 30(6), 406-407.
Cavnar, C. (2011). The Effects of Participation in Ayahuasca Rituals on Gays’ and Lesbians’ Self Perception (Disertación doctoral). John F. Kennedy University, Pleasant Hill, CA. Recuperado de http://www.neip.info/upd_blob/0001/ 1455.pdf
Dai, F., Chen, Y., Song, Y., Huang, L., Zhai, D., Dong, Y., ... & Yi, Z. (2012). A Natural Small Molecule Harmine Inhibits Angiogenesis and Suppresses Tumour Growth Through Activation of p53 in Endothelial Cells. PloS One, 7(12), e52162.
Drucker, G., Raikoff, K., Neafsey, E. J., & Collins, M. A. (1990). Dopamine Uptake Inhibitory Capacities of β-Carboline and 3, 4-Dihydro-β-Carboline Analogs of N-Methyl-4-Phenyl1, 2, 3, 6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Oxidation Products. Brain Research, 509(1), 125-133.
Fábregas, J. M., González, D., Fondevila, S., Cutchet, M., Fernández, X., Barbosa, P. C. R., ... & Bouso, J. C. (2010). Assessment of Addiction Severity Among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 111(3), 257-261.
Fortunato, J. J., Réus, G. Z., Kirsch, T. R., Stringari, R. B., Fries, G. R., Kapczinski, F., ... & Quevedo, J. (2010a). Effects of β-Carboline Harmine on Behavioral and Physiological Parameters Observed in the Chronic Mild Stress Model: Further Evidence of Antidepressant Properties. Brain Research Bulletin, 81(4), 491-496.
Fortunato, J. J., Réus, G. Z., Kirsch, T. R., Stringari, R. B., Fries, G. R., Kapczinski, F., ... & Quevedo, J. (2010b). Chronic Administration of Harmine Elicits Antidepressant-Like Effects and Increases BDNF Levels in Rat Hippocampus. Journal of Neural Transmission, 117(10), 1131-1137.
Frecska, E. (2007). Therapeutic Guidelines: Dangers and Contra-Indications in Therapeutic Applications of Hallucinogens. Psychedelic Medicine: New Evidence for Hallucinogenic Substances as Treatments, 1, 69-95.
Gable, R. S. (2007). Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids. Addiction, 102(1), 24-34.
Grella, B., Teitler, M., Smith, C., Herrick-Davis, K., & Glennon, R. A. (2003). Binding of β-Carbolines at 5-HT 2 Serotonin Receptors. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 13(24), 4421-4425.
Grob, C. S., Mckenna, D. J., Callaway, J. C., Brito, G. S., Neves, E. S., Oberlaender, G., ... & Boone, K. B. (1996). Human Psychopharmacology of Hoasca, a Plant Hallucinogen Used in Ritual Context in Brazil. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184(2), 86-94.
Halpern, J. H., Sherwood, A. R., Passie, T., Blackwell, K. C., & Ruttenber, A. J. (2008). Evidence of Health and Safety in American Members of a Religion Who Use a Hallucinogenic Sacrament. Medical Science Monitor, 14(8), SR15-SR22.
Heo, H. J. & Lee, C. Y. (2005). Epicatechin and Catechin in Cocoa Inhibit Amyloid β Protein Induced Apoptosis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(5), 1445-1448.
Holmstedt, B. O. & Lindgren, J. (1967). Chemical Constituents and Pharmacology of South American Snuffs. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 4(3), 16.
Holt, A. (2003). Imidazoline Binding Sites on Receptors and Enzymes: Emerging Targets for Novel Antidepressant Drugs? Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 28(6), 409-414.
Husbands, S. M., Glennon, R. A., Gorgerat, S., Gough, R., Tyacke, R., Crosby, J., ... & Hudson, A. L. (2001). βcarboline Binding to Imidazoline Receptors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64(2), 203-208.
Labate, B. C. (2011). Consumption of Ayahuasca by Children and Pregnant Women: Medical Controversies and Religious Perspectives. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(1), 27-35.
Leibenluft, E. & Wehr, T. A. (1992). Is Sleep Deprivation Useful in the Treatment of Depression? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(2), 159.
Lima, F. A. S. & Tófoli, L. F. (2011). An Epidemiological Surveillance System by the UDV: Mental Health Recommendations Concerning the Religious Use of Hoasca. En B. C. Labate & H. Jungaberle (Eds.), The Internationalization of Ayahuasca (pp.185-189). Zürich: LIT Verlag Münster.
Lima, F., Naves, M., Motta, J., Migueli, J., & Brito, G. (2002). Sistema de monitoramento psiquiátrico em usuários do chá hoasca. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 24.
Luna, L. E. (2011). Indigenous and Mestizo Use of Ayahuasca: an Overview. En R. G. dos Santos (Ed), The Etnopharmacology of Ayahuasca (pp. 1-21). Recuperado de http://ejournal.narotama.ac.id/files/Indigenous %20and%20mestizo%20use%20of%20Ayahuasca. %20An%20overview.pdf
Mabit, J. (1996). Takiwasi: Ayahuasca and Shamanism in Addiction Therapy. MAPS Newsletter, 6(3), 34-40.
Mabit, J. (2002). Using Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge to Treat Drug Addiction. MAPS Bull, 12(2), 25-32.
McKenna, D. J., Towers, G. N., & Abbott, F. (1984). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in South American Hallucinogenic Plants: Tryptamine and β-Carboline Constituents of Ayahuasca. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 10(2), 195-223.
Osório, F. L, Macedo, L. R. H. de, Sousa, J. P. M. de, Pinto, J. P., Quevedo, J., Souza Crippa, J. A. de, & Hallak, J. E. C. (2011). The Therapeutic Potential of Harmine and Ayahuasca in Depression: Evidence from Exploratory Animal and Human Studies. En R. G. dos Santos (Ed), The etnopharmacology of ayahuasca (pp. 75-85). Recuperado de http://srv1.iceers.org/docs/science/ayahuasca/ Rafael_Guimares_The%20Ethnopharmacology_of_Ayahuasca/ EthnopharmAyahuasca_Chapter5.pdf
Quirce-Balma, C. M., Badilla-Baltodano, B., Badilla-Chaves, S., Martínez-Herrera, M., & Rodríguez, J. M. (2010). Los alucinógenos: su historia, antropología, química y farmacología. Psicogente 13(23), 174-192.
Riba, J. (2003a). Human pharmacology of Ayahuasca (Tesis doctoral). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España. Recuperado de http://www.tdx.cesca.es/TDX-0701104165104/
Riba, J. & Barbanoj, M. J. (2005). Bringing Ayahuasca to the Clinical Research Laboratory. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(2), 219-230.
Riba, J., Anderer, P., Jané F., Saletu, B., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2004). Effects of the South American Psychoactive Beverage Ayahuasca on Regional Brain Electrical Activity in Humans: A Functional Neuroimaging Study Using Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography. Neuropsychobiology 50(1), 89-101.
Riba, J., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Urbano, G., Morte, A., Antonijoan, R., Montero, M., ... & Barbanoj, M. J. (2001). Subjective Effects and Tolerability of the South American Psychoactive Beverage Ayahuasca in Healthy Volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 154(1), 85-95.
Santos, R. G. dos. (2011). Ayahuasca: Physiological and Subjective Effects, Comparison with d-amphetamine, and Repeated Dose Assessment (Tesis doctoral). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España. Recuperado de https:// www.educacion.gob.es/teseo/mostrarRef.do
Santos, R. G. dos, Valle, M., Bouso, J. C., Nomdedéu, J. F., Rodríguez-Espinosa, J., McIlhenny, E. H., ... & Riba, J. (2011). Autonomic, Neuroendocrine, and Immunological Effects of Ayahuasca: a Comparative Study with d-amphetamine. Journal of Clinical. Psychopharmacology, 31(6), 717-726. Santos, R. G. dos, Grasa, E., Valle, M., Ballester, M. R., Bouso,
J. C., Nomdedéu, J. F., ... & Riba, J. (2012). Pharmacology of Ayahuasca Administered in Two Repeated Doses. Psychopharmacology, 219(4), 1039-1053.
Scherschlicht, R., Polc, P., Schneeberger, J., Steiner, M., & Haefely, W. (1982). Selective Suppression of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REMS) in Cats by Typical and Atypical Antidepressants. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, 31, 359-364.
Schwarz, M. J., Houghton, P. J., Rose, S., Jenner, P., & Lees, A. D. (2003). Activities of Extract and Constituents of Banisteriopsis caapi Relevant to Parkinsonism. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 75(3), 627-633.
Serrano, M., Cardozo, F., & Sánchez, J. (2001). Effects of Banisteriopsis caapi Extract on Parkinson’s disease. The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, 5(3), 127-132.
Sitz, J. H., Baumgärtel, K., Hämmerle, B., Papadopoulos, C., Hekerman, P., Tejedor, F. J., ... & Lutz, B. (2008). The Down Syndrome Candidate Dual-Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinase 1A Phosphorylates the Neurodegeneration- Related Septin 4. Neuroscience, 157(3), 596-605.
Sklerov, J., Levine, B., Moore, K. A., King, T., & Fowler, D. (2005). A Fatal Intoxication Following the Ingestion of 5Methoxy-N, N-Dimethyltryptamine in an Ayahuasca Preparation. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 29(8), 838-841.
Stahl, S. M. & Felker, A. (2008). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: a Modern Guide to an Unrequited Class of Antidepressants. CNS Spectrums, 13(10), 855-871.
Vogel, G. W., Buffenstein, A., Minter, K., & Hennessey, A. (1990). Drug Effects on REM Sleep and on Endogenous Depression. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 14(1), 49-63.
Vollenweider, F. X. & Kometer, M. (2010). The Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs: Implications for the Treatment of Mood Disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(9), 642-651.
Wang, Y. H., Samoylenko, V., Tekwani, B. L., Khan, I. A., Miller, L. S., Chaurasiya, N. D., ... & Muhammad, I. (2010). Composition, Standardization and Chemical Profiling of Banisteriopsis caapi, a Plant for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders Relevant to Parkinson’s Disease. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128(3), 662-671.
Warren, R. J. (2004). Fatal Nicotine Intoxication Resulting from the Ingestión of «Ayahuasca». Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 28(4), 287.
Bain, J., Plater, L., Elliott, M., Shpiro, N., Hastie, C., McLauchlan, H., ... & Cohen, P. (2007). The Selectivity of Protein Kinase Inhibitors: a Further Update. Biochemical Journal, 408(3), 297-315.
Barbanoj, M. J., Riba, J., Clos, S., Giménez, S., Grasa, E., & Romero, S. (2008). Daytime Ayahuasca Administration Modulates REM and Slow-Wave Sleep in Healthy Volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 196(2), 315-326.
Barbosa, P. C. R., Giglio, J. S., & Dalgalarrondo, P. (2005). Altered States of Consciousness and Short-Term Psychological After-Effects Induced by the First Time Ritual Use of Ayahuasca in an Urban Context in Brazil. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(2), 193-201.
Bouso, J. C., González, D., Fondevila, S., Cutchet, M., Fernández, X., Barbosa, P. C. R., ... & Riba, J. (2012). Personality, Psychopathology, Life Attitudes and Neuropsychological Performance among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca: a Longitudinal Study. PLoS One, 7(8), e42421.
Brierley, D. I. & Davidson, C. (2012). Developments in Harmine Pharmacology- Implications for Ayahuasca Use and Drug-Dependence Treatment. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 39(2), 263-272.
Callaway, J. C., Airaksinen, M. M., McKenna, D. J., Brito, G. S., & Grob, C. S. (1994). Platelet Serotonin Uptake Sites Increased in Drinkers of Ayahuasca. Psychopharmacology, 116(3), 385-387.
Callaway, J. C., Raymon, L. P., Hearn, W. L., McKenna, D. J., Grob, C. S., Brito, G. S., & Mash, D. C. (1996). Quantitation of N, N-dimethyltryptamine and Harmala Alkaloids in Human Plasma after Oral Dosing with Ayahuasca. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 20(6), 492-497.
Callaway, J. C., McKenna, D. J., Grob, C. S., Brito, G., Raymon, L. P., Poland, R. E., ... & Mash, D. C. (1999). Pharmacokinetics of Hoasca Alkaloids in Healthy Humans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 65(3), 243-256.
Callaway, J. C., Grob, C. S., McKenna, D. J., Nichols, D. E., Shulgins, A., & Tupper, K. W. (2006). A Demand for Clarity Regarding a Case Report on the Ingestion of 5- methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in an Ayahuasca Preparation. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 30(6), 406-407.
Cavnar, C. (2011). The Effects of Participation in Ayahuasca Rituals on Gays’ and Lesbians’ Self Perception (Disertación doctoral). John F. Kennedy University, Pleasant Hill, CA. Recuperado de http://www.neip.info/upd_blob/0001/ 1455.pdf
Dai, F., Chen, Y., Song, Y., Huang, L., Zhai, D., Dong, Y., ... & Yi, Z. (2012). A Natural Small Molecule Harmine Inhibits Angiogenesis and Suppresses Tumour Growth Through Activation of p53 in Endothelial Cells. PloS One, 7(12), e52162.
Drucker, G., Raikoff, K., Neafsey, E. J., & Collins, M. A. (1990). Dopamine Uptake Inhibitory Capacities of β-Carboline and 3, 4-Dihydro-β-Carboline Analogs of N-Methyl-4-Phenyl1, 2, 3, 6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) Oxidation Products. Brain Research, 509(1), 125-133.
Fábregas, J. M., González, D., Fondevila, S., Cutchet, M., Fernández, X., Barbosa, P. C. R., ... & Bouso, J. C. (2010). Assessment of Addiction Severity Among Ritual Users of Ayahuasca. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 111(3), 257-261.
Fortunato, J. J., Réus, G. Z., Kirsch, T. R., Stringari, R. B., Fries, G. R., Kapczinski, F., ... & Quevedo, J. (2010a). Effects of β-Carboline Harmine on Behavioral and Physiological Parameters Observed in the Chronic Mild Stress Model: Further Evidence of Antidepressant Properties. Brain Research Bulletin, 81(4), 491-496.
Fortunato, J. J., Réus, G. Z., Kirsch, T. R., Stringari, R. B., Fries, G. R., Kapczinski, F., ... & Quevedo, J. (2010b). Chronic Administration of Harmine Elicits Antidepressant-Like Effects and Increases BDNF Levels in Rat Hippocampus. Journal of Neural Transmission, 117(10), 1131-1137.
Frecska, E. (2007). Therapeutic Guidelines: Dangers and Contra-Indications in Therapeutic Applications of Hallucinogens. Psychedelic Medicine: New Evidence for Hallucinogenic Substances as Treatments, 1, 69-95.
Gable, R. S. (2007). Risk assessment of ritual use of oral dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and harmala alkaloids. Addiction, 102(1), 24-34.
Grella, B., Teitler, M., Smith, C., Herrick-Davis, K., & Glennon, R. A. (2003). Binding of β-Carbolines at 5-HT 2 Serotonin Receptors. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 13(24), 4421-4425.
Grob, C. S., Mckenna, D. J., Callaway, J. C., Brito, G. S., Neves, E. S., Oberlaender, G., ... & Boone, K. B. (1996). Human Psychopharmacology of Hoasca, a Plant Hallucinogen Used in Ritual Context in Brazil. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184(2), 86-94.
Halpern, J. H., Sherwood, A. R., Passie, T., Blackwell, K. C., & Ruttenber, A. J. (2008). Evidence of Health and Safety in American Members of a Religion Who Use a Hallucinogenic Sacrament. Medical Science Monitor, 14(8), SR15-SR22.
Heo, H. J. & Lee, C. Y. (2005). Epicatechin and Catechin in Cocoa Inhibit Amyloid β Protein Induced Apoptosis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(5), 1445-1448.
Holmstedt, B. O. & Lindgren, J. (1967). Chemical Constituents and Pharmacology of South American Snuffs. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 4(3), 16.
Holt, A. (2003). Imidazoline Binding Sites on Receptors and Enzymes: Emerging Targets for Novel Antidepressant Drugs? Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 28(6), 409-414.
Husbands, S. M., Glennon, R. A., Gorgerat, S., Gough, R., Tyacke, R., Crosby, J., ... & Hudson, A. L. (2001). βcarboline Binding to Imidazoline Receptors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 64(2), 203-208.
Labate, B. C. (2011). Consumption of Ayahuasca by Children and Pregnant Women: Medical Controversies and Religious Perspectives. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 43(1), 27-35.
Leibenluft, E. & Wehr, T. A. (1992). Is Sleep Deprivation Useful in the Treatment of Depression? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(2), 159.
Lima, F. A. S. & Tófoli, L. F. (2011). An Epidemiological Surveillance System by the UDV: Mental Health Recommendations Concerning the Religious Use of Hoasca. En B. C. Labate & H. Jungaberle (Eds.), The Internationalization of Ayahuasca (pp.185-189). Zürich: LIT Verlag Münster.
Lima, F., Naves, M., Motta, J., Migueli, J., & Brito, G. (2002). Sistema de monitoramento psiquiátrico em usuários do chá hoasca. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 24.
Luna, L. E. (2011). Indigenous and Mestizo Use of Ayahuasca: an Overview. En R. G. dos Santos (Ed), The Etnopharmacology of Ayahuasca (pp. 1-21). Recuperado de http://ejournal.narotama.ac.id/files/Indigenous %20and%20mestizo%20use%20of%20Ayahuasca. %20An%20overview.pdf
Mabit, J. (1996). Takiwasi: Ayahuasca and Shamanism in Addiction Therapy. MAPS Newsletter, 6(3), 34-40.
Mabit, J. (2002). Using Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge to Treat Drug Addiction. MAPS Bull, 12(2), 25-32.
McKenna, D. J., Towers, G. N., & Abbott, F. (1984). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in South American Hallucinogenic Plants: Tryptamine and β-Carboline Constituents of Ayahuasca. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 10(2), 195-223.
Osório, F. L, Macedo, L. R. H. de, Sousa, J. P. M. de, Pinto, J. P., Quevedo, J., Souza Crippa, J. A. de, & Hallak, J. E. C. (2011). The Therapeutic Potential of Harmine and Ayahuasca in Depression: Evidence from Exploratory Animal and Human Studies. En R. G. dos Santos (Ed), The etnopharmacology of ayahuasca (pp. 75-85). Recuperado de http://srv1.iceers.org/docs/science/ayahuasca/ Rafael_Guimares_The%20Ethnopharmacology_of_Ayahuasca/ EthnopharmAyahuasca_Chapter5.pdf
Quirce-Balma, C. M., Badilla-Baltodano, B., Badilla-Chaves, S., Martínez-Herrera, M., & Rodríguez, J. M. (2010). Los alucinógenos: su historia, antropología, química y farmacología. Psicogente 13(23), 174-192.
Riba, J. (2003a). Human pharmacology of Ayahuasca (Tesis doctoral). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España. Recuperado de http://www.tdx.cesca.es/TDX-0701104165104/
Riba, J. & Barbanoj, M. J. (2005). Bringing Ayahuasca to the Clinical Research Laboratory. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(2), 219-230.
Riba, J., Anderer, P., Jané F., Saletu, B., & Barbanoj, M. J. (2004). Effects of the South American Psychoactive Beverage Ayahuasca on Regional Brain Electrical Activity in Humans: A Functional Neuroimaging Study Using Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography. Neuropsychobiology 50(1), 89-101.
Riba, J., Rodríguez-Fornells, A., Urbano, G., Morte, A., Antonijoan, R., Montero, M., ... & Barbanoj, M. J. (2001). Subjective Effects and Tolerability of the South American Psychoactive Beverage Ayahuasca in Healthy Volunteers. Psychopharmacology, 154(1), 85-95.
Santos, R. G. dos. (2011). Ayahuasca: Physiological and Subjective Effects, Comparison with d-amphetamine, and Repeated Dose Assessment (Tesis doctoral). Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España. Recuperado de https:// www.educacion.gob.es/teseo/mostrarRef.do
Santos, R. G. dos, Valle, M., Bouso, J. C., Nomdedéu, J. F., Rodríguez-Espinosa, J., McIlhenny, E. H., ... & Riba, J. (2011). Autonomic, Neuroendocrine, and Immunological Effects of Ayahuasca: a Comparative Study with d-amphetamine. Journal of Clinical. Psychopharmacology, 31(6), 717-726. Santos, R. G. dos, Grasa, E., Valle, M., Ballester, M. R., Bouso,
J. C., Nomdedéu, J. F., ... & Riba, J. (2012). Pharmacology of Ayahuasca Administered in Two Repeated Doses. Psychopharmacology, 219(4), 1039-1053.
Scherschlicht, R., Polc, P., Schneeberger, J., Steiner, M., & Haefely, W. (1982). Selective Suppression of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REMS) in Cats by Typical and Atypical Antidepressants. Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, 31, 359-364.
Schwarz, M. J., Houghton, P. J., Rose, S., Jenner, P., & Lees, A. D. (2003). Activities of Extract and Constituents of Banisteriopsis caapi Relevant to Parkinsonism. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 75(3), 627-633.
Serrano, M., Cardozo, F., & Sánchez, J. (2001). Effects of Banisteriopsis caapi Extract on Parkinson’s disease. The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, 5(3), 127-132.
Sitz, J. H., Baumgärtel, K., Hämmerle, B., Papadopoulos, C., Hekerman, P., Tejedor, F. J., ... & Lutz, B. (2008). The Down Syndrome Candidate Dual-Specificity Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinase 1A Phosphorylates the Neurodegeneration- Related Septin 4. Neuroscience, 157(3), 596-605.
Sklerov, J., Levine, B., Moore, K. A., King, T., & Fowler, D. (2005). A Fatal Intoxication Following the Ingestion of 5Methoxy-N, N-Dimethyltryptamine in an Ayahuasca Preparation. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 29(8), 838-841.
Stahl, S. M. & Felker, A. (2008). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: a Modern Guide to an Unrequited Class of Antidepressants. CNS Spectrums, 13(10), 855-871.
Vogel, G. W., Buffenstein, A., Minter, K., & Hennessey, A. (1990). Drug Effects on REM Sleep and on Endogenous Depression. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 14(1), 49-63.
Vollenweider, F. X. & Kometer, M. (2010). The Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs: Implications for the Treatment of Mood Disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(9), 642-651.
Wang, Y. H., Samoylenko, V., Tekwani, B. L., Khan, I. A., Miller, L. S., Chaurasiya, N. D., ... & Muhammad, I. (2010). Composition, Standardization and Chemical Profiling of Banisteriopsis caapi, a Plant for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders Relevant to Parkinson’s Disease. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 128(3), 662-671.
Warren, R. J. (2004). Fatal Nicotine Intoxication Resulting from the Ingestión of «Ayahuasca». Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 28(4), 287.
Published
2015-12-10
How to Cite
Escobar Cornejo, G. S. (2015, December 10). The pharmacological properties of ayahuasca. LIBERABIT. Revista Peruana De Psicología, 21(2), 313 - 319. Retrieved from https://ojs3.revistaliberabit.com/index.php/Liberabit/article/view/276
Section
Research articles
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Copyright
In the event that the manuscript is approved for future publication, the authors retain the copyright and assign to the journal the rights to publish, edit, reproduce, distribute, exhibit, and communicate nationally and internationally in the various databases, repositories and portals.
Self-archiving policy
The author can share, disseminate, and publicize his research published by the media (e.g., academic social networks, repositories, and portals) available on the web.
During the editorial review process, the journal will provide the author with the previous versions (post-print) which should NOT be disclosed by any media, only for personal use and for final approval.
Liberabit will send the author the final version of the article (published version) in PDF and HTML to be shared, disseminated and disclosed by the media available on the web.
After the publication of the articles, the authors can make other independent or additional agreements for the non-exclusive dissemination of the version of the article published in this journal (publication in books or institutional repositories), provided that it is indicated with the respective reference that the work has been published for the first time in this journal.
